The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced a new framework that will require banks to prepare earlier for possible loan defaults. The new rules, which will come into effect from April 1, 2027, are aimed at making the banking system stronger and more resilient.
Under the revised system, banks will move to the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for provisioning. This means lenders must estimate the chances of loans turning bad in the future and set aside money in advance. At present, banks usually make provisions after stress begins to show or when repayments are missed.
The RBI believes the shift will help banks recognise risks sooner and improve financial stability. It also brings India’s banking practices closer to international standards followed in several major markets.
The new framework will classify loans into three categories depending on the level of risk. Standard loans with no major warning signs will need lower provisions. Loans showing signs of weakness will require higher reserves, while credit-impaired or troubled loans will need the highest level of provisioning.
Importantly, the RBI has kept the current 90-day overdue rule for identifying non-performing assets (NPAs). This means a loan will still be treated as bad if repayments remain overdue for more than 90 days.
Banks had sought more time to prepare for the transition, as the new model may increase the amount of money they need to keep aside. However, the central bank has retained the April 2027 deadline. To ease the shift, lenders will be allowed to spread any additional provisioning burden over four years.
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